Organizational Behavior And Organization Behavior

Introduction What is Organizational behavior? Prior to this course, I never known that much of what is organizational behavior an in which ways it can impact the organization. Over the course my knowledge about Organization Behavior has expanded. Organization behavior is the systematic study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within the organizations where they work. In this paper, I will discuss the behavior in an organization for which I was employed with for two years, which was not a well-organized organization. Organization Commitment Chapter 4, attitude refers to our opinions, beliefs, and feelings about aspects of our environment. I have held several different jobs in several different industries,†¦show more content†¦Two factors that were supposed to help did not help for me, organizational justice and work relationships. A strong influence over our satisfaction level is how fair we are treated. After losing one of our employees, my manager hired this lady she been knowing for a while and she treated her with the most up held respect. I started to notice the difference in how my manager would treat the both of us and it made me feel like I was never really appreciate nor was I worthy of doing my job. I think because of the age difference she thought I did not know much of anything, so she would go to the older lady and have her doing things I would normally do. Also, she started to cut my hours, due to the fact the other lady who came after me stated she did not want to be part-time but full-time and s he went on to grant her wishes. That was not fair to me as a hard working individual, always on time, opening and closing of the business, and was there by myself all the time with no job security. Two strong predictors of our happiness at work and commitment to the company are our relationships with coworkers and managers. The people we interact with, their degree of compassion, our level of social acceptance in our work group, and whether we are treated with respect are all important factors surrounding our happiness at work. The company I worked for was fairly small, no more than about four people worked there. I was the youngest of them all and IShow MoreRelatedOrganization Behavior And Organizational Behavior1707 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization behavior including both individual and group, which take an important role on company’s performance, a good manager with high ability to manage the employees’ satisfaction and involvement could achieve a higher performance of the company. In recent years, most of companies used balanced scorecards to determine the companies’ goals to improve the performance, which including employee coaching and mentoring. 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From this perspective, then a manager can better know how to incorporate what he or she knows and what the organization at large is comprised of. According to Borkowski, (2011), the definition provided states that â€Å"organizational behavior is the study of individuals and group’s dynamics within an organization setting† (p.3). Organizational culture on the other handRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior Analysis2021 Words   |  9 Pages Organizational Behavior Analysis BUS610: Organizational Behavior (NAB1431A) Instructor: Dr. Roberto Coto Angela Montgomery September 8, 2014 Organizational Behavior Analysis Abstract Organization behavior analysis is the study of information regarding an organization and its individual or group of people with their actions and performances within an organization. It is most important key feature which should be used to maintain and enhance interaction levels betweenRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1986 Words   |  8 Pages10th, p.2), Organizational Behavior studies the influence and impact that individuals, groups, and organizational structure have on behavior within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization s effectiveness. In the business world, Organizational Behavior is an important tool for managers to effectively manage their teams and aids in being able to understand and foresee employee behavior in the organization. It tells how organizations can be arrangedRead MoreThe Organizational Behavior Of An Organization Essay2054 Words   |  9 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the organizational behavior of an organization. I will be analyzing and evaluating Crown Iron Works and providing recommendations of my findings. The success of an organization depends on its organization behavior which is the study of people, what people feel, think, and do in a company. (Elsbach, Kayes Kayes, 2015). Organizational Behavior is important to help organizations become more successful and efficient in running the company and adapting to changesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1754 Words   |  8 PagesOrganizational Behavior Scenario Applications It takes a team to run a successful organization. Managers all around are focusing on improving employee morale in the workplace because without dedicated and motivated employees, companies could not be successful. Managers that are running prosperous companies have the knowledge of Organizational Behavior. Organizational Behavior is the study of what people think, feel and do in and around organizations. Organizational Behavior influences employees motivation

Minimally Adequate Education Essay - 1442 Words

Minimally Adequate Education in the State of South Carolina In the state of South Carolina, public schools students are educated on the basis of a minimally adequate education. South Carolina legislators have interpreted the definition for minimally adequate education, given by the South Carolina Supreme Court, into curriculum requirements for students across the state. South Carolina legislators’ curriculum expectations for graduating high school students are below average. In relation, the students of South Carolina are being hindered from seeing and reaching their full potential by being â€Å"normed† to do below average work. Minimally adequate education provides a foundation for inequity in schools and leaves students unprepared for†¦show more content†¦the South Carolina Constitutions education clause states, â€Å"It is the purpose of the General Assembly in this chapter: To guarantee to each student in the public schools of South Carolina the availability of at least minimum educational programs and services ap propriate to his needs, and which are substantially equal to those available to those students with similar needs and reasonably comparable from a program standpoint to those students of all other classifications, notwithstanding geographic differences and varying local economic factors† (Abbeville 6). The South Carolina Supreme Court remanded the Abbeville et al. case because they felt Abbeville failed to realize the South Carolina Constitutions education clause did not provide the criteria needed to determine if the education their students were getting was inadequate (Abbeville 6). The South Carolina Supreme Court remanded the case, but felt that it was their duty to interpret the education clause into criteria that could be applied equally to students. They interpreted the clause by stating that a minimally adequate education is, â€Å"the ability to read, write and speak the English language, and knowledge of mathematics and physical science; a fundamental knowledge of e conomic, social and political systems, and of history and governmental processes; and academic and vocationalShow MoreRelatedRobotic Surgery : The Medical Professional Community1501 Words   |  7 Pageshero’s or celebrities of robotic surgery, are within the medical professional community. 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Personality at Selection Interview Free Essays

string(57) " tests to measure personality are growing in popularity\." Assignment – Personality Personality can be defined as those relatively stable enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form a basis for our predictions concerning his/her future behaviour. (Wright et al cited in Rollinson 2005) This definition represents the view that it is possible to identify an individuals stable and unchanging personality and characteristics, and that if the characteristics are identified they can be used to predict the persons future behaviour. Organisations differ greatly in their cultures and acceptable behaviours which means that some individuals naturally fit in better than others. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality at Selection Interview or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Rollinson 2005:85) Job roles themselves also differ in terms of the suitability of an individual’s personality in being successful in that job role. Therefore in determining the importance of personality at selection interview we need to determine what both the role and the organisation require. (Rollinson 2005:85) In the work environment the â€Å"fit† of a person has to be right in terms of skills and experience as well as values and needs. Holbeche: 2002). Person-organisation fit refers to the extent to which individuals and organisations share similar characteristics (personalities) or meet each others needs. The assessment of personality is carried out to determine desirable or un-desirable traits of candidates to assess their suitability for a role and/or organisation (Arthur:2005) Getting this right can lead to job satisfaction and organisational commitment. (Kristoff:2000) When an employer is recruiting the psychological contract has some importance. The psychological contract implies a series of mutual expectations and satisfaction needs arising from the P-O relationship (Mullins:2010) P-O fit is likely to be more important than P-J fit in satisfying the psychological contract (Morley:2007) in that employees will be required to adapt to changes in tasks and gain new skills. It is argued that greater emphasis should be placed on the P-O fit as opposed to the more traditional method of P-J fit because firstly individuals will hold several roles within an organisation therefore their P-O is more important than the possibly less lexible P-J fit, they will hold the organisations values and culture closer and will have longer service therefore lowering recruitment costs. (Ree and Earles 1992) Secondly the changing nature of work requires individuals to be better at teamwork and more flexible. I believe that when recruiting graduates P-O fit is more important as opposed to P-J fit. Graduates are recruited to provide organisations with a potential pool of future managers and enhance succession possibilities. Morley:2007) Graduates have little experience in the work environment so are less able to translate their skills, qualifications and experience into the working world. If an employer has a clear understanding of their organisations culture, personalities of other employees and can accurately determine the personalities and beliefs of the graduate they can base their decision on the graduates enthusiasm, motivation and eagerness to work rather than skills, qualifications and experience. In a study by Wheeler et al (cited in Rollinson 2005) it was found that job satisfaction could be increased by increasing P-O fit, that is recruiting employees with similar values to the organisation. However, Wheeler also found that even though an ill-fitting individual resulted in job dissatisfaction, they would not leave the organisation unless suitable alternative work presented itself. This could lead to them being de-motivated, having poor performance and impact on relationships with colleagues. This shows the importance of getting personality right at selection interview. Person-job (P-J) fit refers to the correlation between the individual’s skills, qualifications and experience with the requirements of a job. (Edwards:1991) and is a traditional method of employee selection (Werbell and Gilliland:1999) P-J fit is most widely determined through proof of an individuals skills, qualifications and experience through certificates and references and questioning around their knowledge on a topic. I have personally heard colleagues question the importance of personality on some roles such as accountants which would initially strike you as being weighted heavily on their skills, experience and qualifications however how well would an accountant perform if they did not have the personality traits to communicate effectively with colleagues and customers? Differing roles do also require different personalities in order to be successful irrespective of the organisation. Receptionists, sales person or customer service representative require the ability to cope with stress and deal with individuals with differing priorities. Gatewood et al:2005) In considering the importance of personality in selection interview it would be sensible to consider how stable and unchanging a person’s personality is. Are we seeing a current snapshot of the individuals personality or will it change overtime? Rollinson (2005) writes that if personality is an ongoing developing process it would be al most impossible to develop valid ways to measure it and would be pointless in attempting to predict future behaviour. Idiographic, one of the two major theories on personality, focuses on personality developing and changing as a result of ongoing experiences. However, Costa and McCrae (1992) wrote that personality is relatively stable after the age of 30 therefore using personality in making selection decisions would be possible due to the stability of personality. Looking at Nomotheic theory, the other of the two major theories of personality, which assumes personality is stable and un-changing, it was noted that there are 5 distinct differences between people known as the Big Five and often referred to as OCEAN. These are: †¢ Openness (perceptive, sophisticated, knowledgeable, cultured, artistic, curious, analytical, liberal traits) †¢ Conscientiousness (practical, cautious, serious, reliable, organised, careful, dependable, hard-working, ambitious traits) †¢ Extraversion (sociable, talkative, active, spontaneous, adventurous, person-orientated, assertive traits) †¢ Agreeableness (warm, trustful, courteous, agreeable, cooperative traits) †¢ Neuroticism (emotional, anxious, depressive, self-conscious, worrying traits) The Big Five can be split into type theory and trait theory. Mullins cites Hans Eyesneck work in which he identified four main personality types. These are stable extraverts,(talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively carefree) unstable extraverts,(impulsive, changeable, excitable, restless) stable introverts (calm, even-tempered, peaceful, thoughtful) and unstable introverts. (anxious, moody, reserved, pessimistic) Mullins writes that if managers can predict future behaviours through an individual’s personality type then it is not surprising that psychometric tests to measure personality are growing in popularity. You read "Personality at Selection Interview" in category "Papers" Trait theory is then broken down again into surface traits (those which are observable) and source traits (which can only be inferred) In theory surface traits could be observed through assessment centres. Mullins writes that the Big Five form the basis of standard personality questionnaires and of these five conscientiousness has the highest link with high levels of job knowledge and performance across a range of occupations. So, according to this, it would be beneficial to an organisation to determine candidate’s personality in order to recruit an individual who has a good score in conscientiousness. However, Maltby et al (2010) writes that if we were to employ the conscientious person with their practical, cautious, serious, reliable, organized, careful, dependable, hard-working and ambitious traits, would they be suitable for a role requiring innovation and creativity and are they flexible and adaptable to cope with the rapidly changing world of work? He questions the applicability of conscientiousness across all job roles. In considering the impact of personality on our relationship at work with colleagues I believe that emotional intelligence has a strong link with aligning personality with successful performance and relationships at work. Emotional Intelligence is defined as a person’s ability to manage themselves as well as their relationship with others so that they can live their intentions (Adele:2008:7) and can be broken down into five specific areas. These are Self awareness, empathy, social expertness, personal influence and mastery of purpose and vision. Each of these areas could have an impact on our relationships with colleagues. Self awareness is an understanding of how our behaviours or words affect others. If we have self awareness we are able to apply self control to change our actions should they be having a negative effect on colleagues. A self aware individual would know when their mood is impacting on others and alter it accordingly. Self awareness is an area looked for in the emotional intelligence of sales people and interview questioning based around the impact of previous experience of their positive and negative impacts on co-workers would be useful in identifying this area. (Adele 2008:17) Empathy is an understanding of others feelings and perspective and the ability to experience what someone else is feeling therefore giving a better understanding of our colleagues. It is the ability to respectfully listen rather than listening to refute or build our own case. A customer service representative who empathises with an irate customer rather than just demanding their account number will better diffuse a volatile situation. (Adele 2008:54) Marshall Goldsmith (â€Å"The world authority in helping successful leaders get even better†) described not listening as the most passive-aggressive form of disrespect shown to colleagues. Social expertness is the building of social bonds which allow us to work with others, share thoughts and ideas, build trust and resolve conflict. The reason that top executives fail is because of their failure to build interpersonal relationships rather than their technical competence. Personal influence is our ability to influence other towards goals or missions and to influence ourselves in taking initiative and displaying confidence. A recruiting manager would be looking for signs at interview that a candidate can prove they have got people to previously follow them irrespective of their differing levels. Mastery of purpose and vision is our ability to understand what our purpose is and therefore determine what types of emotions help us to live our life purpose. It allows us to manage our emotions and relationships. This is also the determining factor as to whether the organization and role is â€Å"fit† for us. Interview questions based around a candidate’s worst and ideal job as well as what inspires and bores them at work can help identify the â€Å"fit† of an individual’s personal purpose to an organization. (Adele:2008:131) Candidates demonstrating emotional intelligence at interview take responsibility for their actions rather than blaming others or playing the victim. (Adele:2008:146) Studies carried out by Grimsley and Jarrett (cited in Adele:2008) concluded that managers displaying higher emotional intelligence were more successful. Anderson and Shackleton (1993) carried out a study on the comparison of the strength of different variables in predicting eventual job performance at the point of selection. Their findings show that personality assessments have a 0. 38 correlation, intelligence a 0. 54 correlation, and structured interview 0. 62. Previous experience and the CV came in lower than all these at 0. 18 and 0. 37 respectively. (0. 1 being small, 0. 3 being medium and 0. 5 being large correlation) Showing in this study that personality assessment has an important role in predicting job performance, above that of the CV and previous experience. Maltby et al 2010) When putting the theory of personality into practice within the work environment, organisations must be clear on why they are assessing personality and what personality characteristics they are they are looking for. (Torrington et al:2011) A clear job description and person specification which requires skills, qualifications, experience and personal ity traits relevant to the job role is key, according to the CIPD, in creating a fair selection process. Should an applicant who is unsuccessful in being selected for interview threaten or indeed commence tribunal proceedings, the organization has a clear framework on how selection for interview and employment was made. Torrington et al also write that a method of defining the person specification is to focus on the characteristics or competences of individuals who have previously performed best in the role. This has positives in that these characteristics are producing individuals who perform well for the business however this method could produce employees who are very similar to one another and address problems with the same mindset. Personality questionnaires are based on the Nomotheic theory that personality is stable and unchanging. The most recognized personality questionnaire is the Myers Biggs Type Indicator (MBTI) based on the theories of Carl Jung. The questionnaire is developed on the understanding that it is of benefit to people to recognise their individual personality types, and how these differ from those of other individuals. The MBTI is an untimed questionnaire which asks respondents to choose between two opposing courses of action, or two words, depending on what they feel is closest to their natural preference. The MBTI measures 4 preferences Extraversion or Introversion, Sensing or Intuition, Thinking or Feeling and Judging or Perceiving. People’s four preferences classify them into one of 16 types. Descriptions are given of the characteristics of people of each of the 16 types. Each type is described as having positive qualities and strengths, as well as possible development needs. The questionnaire receives 4 stars from the Psychological testing centre. (The British Psychological Society:2011) An employer using MBTI can use the information given on the individual’s type to further question them at selection interview. Toplis et al (1997) have concerns that the lack of involvement of psychologists in marketing and selling personality testing packages results in too many tests being released for general use without the required intellectual support. He is also troubled by the increasing use of computer-based tests, particularly to score and interpret results, believing that the accuracy of some systems is not particularly high. Personality assessment is based on the belief that certain roles require particular personality and that tests can identify them. The use of ability tests and competence based interviewing as opposed to personality tests are more easily defendable in an employment tribunal due to the tangible results being right or wrong whereas with personality tests there are no right or wrong answers and are not as easily defendable should the need arise. There are questions over their validity in so much as practitioners can be trained with a basic knowledge of administering tests and interpreting their results. The British Psychology Society give an overall rating for validity and objectivity of tests. There is the argument that candidates may be able to manipulate their results to perform in a way they believe the employer requires. (Furnham:1990) therefore invalidating the results and potentially basing a recruitment decision on in-accurate information. In my experience this is where the face to face interview is of vale in verifying and questioning further the results of any personality testing. i. e. Do the results of the personality testing match the behaviours and characteristics of the person sat in front of me? Recruiters may be influenced by striking characteristics or similarities to themselves called the Halo Effect. The Halo Effect can be defined as a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait (i. e. a characteristic of a person or object) is influenced by the perception of another trait (or several traits) of that person or object. (Mullins 2011) An example would be judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. The Halo Effect can have a positive or negative effect. For example, someone who attended the same college or university as the recruiter could be at an advantage but someone who attended a college or university the interviewer perceives to have a poor reputation could put the candidate at a dis-advantage. Solomon Asch (1945) carried out a study that discovered that the presence of one trait often implies the existence of other additional traits and that certain traits can be characterized as central traits. For example, an individual described as warm is perceived to have positive traits such as happy and generous. An individual described as the cold would have the opposite perceived traits. Another example is when individuals believe that a happy person is also friendly or that quiet people are timid. On the other hand, people who are irritable may be seen as in disarray in their daily life. Therefore, people assume other individuals’ personalities are in doubt using little information. It is often the case that people judge more favourably those individuals with whom they have something in common. An experiment carried out at the Penn State College of Medicine asked 35 interviewers and 135 interviewees to complete the MBTI. The results were not shared prior to face to face interview. The experiment concluded that there was a significant association between similarities in personality type and the rankings that individual interviewers assigned to each interviewee. In this circumstance it is important to be mindful of the effect an individuals personality may have on the outcome of the interview. Employing more than one selection tool does not eradicate the possibility of recruiting an unsuitable candidates. The use of personality data in the selection process, when gathered appropriately, can be valid information in making a contribution to the selection decision however it should not be used in isolation. Personality tests results can be used at interview for the basis of further investigation into applicant abilities. Skills, experience and qualifications are important criterion. Dependent on the role and organisation for which selection is being made will determine the weighting placed on each. If using any form of testing in the selection process employers need to pre-determine the worth of testing and weigh up the benefits, such as increased productivity, with the cost including purchasing a reliable and validated resource and training recruiting managers to correctly interpret reports. There is, therefore, in my opinion an importance to be placed on personality at selection interview which for me slightly outweighs the importance of skills, qualifications and experience especially when considering the knock on effect that a mismatch of person-job or person-organisation could have on the relationship with colleagues. An organization needs to be clear in what personality traits they are looking for before even advertising a role as the wording of an advertisement could attract and alienate certain personalities. Once at selection interview, managers should consider how they are fairly going to assess personality if using their own judgment. Do they have a fail safe scoring system to measure personality against that cannot back-fire in the event of an employment tribunal? Thought should also be given to how a candidate has completed any personality test i. e. to what extent have they thought about themselves in the work situation when completing it? Are they naturally nervous when asked to complete any test and therefore put at a dis-advantage? If personality is un-stable and changes over time, would it be wise to re-test individuals? Organisations are fluid and changing constantly. Teams, managers and individuals change. , What was once a good â€Å"fit† may not be in the future. References Adele, B (2008) The EQ Interview. AMACOM Books Anderson, N. D. Shackleton, V. J (1993) Successful selection interviewing. Blackwell Publishing Arthur, D. (2005) Recruiting, Interviewing, Selecting and Orienting New Employees. 4th ed. New York AMACOM Page 368 British Psychological Society (2011) found at http://www. psychtesting. org. uk/test-registration-and-test-reviews/test-reviews. cfm? page=summary=82 CIPD (2011) Selection Factsheet (online) available from http://www. cipd. co. uk/hr-resources/factsheets/selection-methods. aspx Costa, P. T, McCrae, R. R (1992) Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 13, No. 6. (June 1992), pp. 653-665 Edenborough, R. (2005) Assessment methods in recruitment, selection and performance a manager’s guide to psychometric testing, interviews and assessment centres. London: Kogan Page. Page 2 Edwards, J. R. (1991). Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique. In C. L. Cooper I. T. Robertson (Eds. ), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (vol. 6, pp. 283-357). New York: Wiley. Furnham, A (1990) Can people accurately estimate their own personality test scores? European Journal of Personality, no 4, pp. 319-327 Gatewood, RD. Field, HS. Human Resource Selection 5th ed. Mike Roche. Page 601-603 Holbeche, L. (2002) Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy. 2nd ed. Butterworth Heinemann. IRS Employment Survey July 2010 – accessed through employer login at www. xperthr. co. uk Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs (Vols. 1 and 2). New York: Norton. Kristof-Brown, AL. (2000) Perceived applicant fit: Distinguishing between recruiters’ perceptions of person-job fit and person organization fit. In Personnel Psychology, 53 (4), 643-671 Maltby, J. Day,L . Macaskill, A. (2010) Personality, Individual Differences And Intelligence. 9th ed. Prentice Hall. Michael J. Morley, (2007) â€Å"Person-organization fit†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 22 Iss: 2, pp. 109 – 117. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Mullins, LJ. (2011) Management and Organisational Behaviour. th ed. Financial Times: Prentice Hall. Page 134 – 162, 240 Rees, MJ. Earles JA (1992) Intelligence is the best predictor of job performance. Psychological Science, 1, 86-89. Rollinson, D. (2005) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An integrated approach 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall Asch, S. E. Studies in the principles of judgments and attitudes: II. Determination of judgments by g roup and by ego standards. /. soc. Psychol. , 1940, 12, 433—465. Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error on psychological rating. Journal of Applied Psychology, IV, 25-29 Toplis, J. Dulewicz, V. Fletcher, C (2004) Psychological testing: a managers guide. 4th Ed. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Torrington, D. Taylor, S. Hall, L. Atkinson, C (2011) Human Resources Management. 8th ed. Financial Times Prentice Hall Werbel, J and Gilliland, S. W (1999). Person-environment fit in the selection process. In G. R. Ferris (Ed. ) Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 17, 209-243 Wheeler, A. Gallagher, V. Brouer, R, Sablynski, C. †When person-organisation (mis) fit and (dis) satisfaction lead to turnover. In Person Organisation Fit 2nd ed. By Morley, M. London: Emerald, Page 203. How to cite Personality at Selection Interview, Papers

Need For an IISS Small Medium Enterprises-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the need for an International Information Security Standard for Small Medium Enterprises. Answer: In the recent times, small and medium Enterprises (SMEs) can be of utmost importance for presenting innovative business models, which in turn can lead to the economic growth and upliftment of the country. Thus, if we can lend a helping hand to the SMEs in order to tackle the obstacles that hamper their business growth, then number of innovations can be foreseen in the near future. In the present era, we can see that the SMEs are getting more dependent on the information system to provide services to their customers as well as to meet their business goals. An ample number of SMEs have already marked their presence in the internet. Electronic communication, digital services are an important aspect of the increased number of such SMEs. We can say that, increased utilization of the Information technology involves greater security risks to the SMEs. Thus, an extensive security process is necessary for addressing such security issues of the company which can lead to tremendous loss not onl y to the small and medium sized enterprises but also to the large organizations as well. Thus, there is an utmost need of International Security Standards such that the proper maintenance of potentially important data can be maintained. In order to provide the SMEs with a stringent security approaches a number of privacy as well as information security standards have been brought to light. ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 are some of the standards (Romanosky 2016). The ISO/IEC 27001 assists the SMEs to implement the IS management system (ISMS). We know that the ISO/IEC 27001 is considered to be one most implemented standard since its year of establishment. ISO 27001 have greatly enabled the small scale industries to cope up with the present global market trends. Risk assessment is one of the key factors of ISO 27001 implementation. Thus, we can say that this step is also crucial for beginning the information system security project. The ISO 27001 standardization first aims to assess the probable risk factors and then provides ways for mitigating those risks. The security management system established with the help of ISO 27001 will be improved, monitored and checked on regular basis (Martnez-Prez et al., 2015). The I SO 27002 framework is useful for maintaining the controls but we can say that for assessing risk ISO 27001 can be regarded as the best option. We have seen that the many SMEs still struggle to adopt such frameworks due to lacking of basic guidance. The ISO 27002 specifies certain practices for ensuring basic protection. Such practices include user awareness, antivirus software, access control backup and protection of essential paper-based files. Therefore, we can say that for a SME it is essential that they implement the basic level of security while setting up their business such as the antivirus software can fight the virus attacks; the back-ups would reduce the chances of data loss (Simpson 2016). The ISO provides the SMEs with easy handling of the risk factors. The small and medium sized enterprises encounter numerous threats and vulnerabilities issues. The SMEs are vulnerable to the internal attack which comprises a huge part of the security threats that small industries face in the modern world. The employees of the company who have access to sensitive data, network servers and admin accounts posses the capability of leaking the vital information. Thus, the company suffers internal attacks threats which affect the security of the organization adversely (Janakiraman, Lim and Rishika 2018). In addition to the internal threats SMEs may also fall victim to phishing attacks in which the attackers introduce malicious code thus, introducing malware in the business. This attack is also difficult to be recognized as the mails appear to be sent by someone whom the recipient knows and trusts. Moreover, the SMEs also fall victim to the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. In this attack there are unusual cases of websites crawling and also f orces certain crucial services to get offline. We can also state that it hampers the functioning of the business by massive increase in the amount of web traffic. Malware is yet another form of threats by which almost all the small as well as medium sized enterprises are affected (Ab Rahman and Choo 2015). It is a kind of software that gets installed in the machine and incorporates the capability to perform such tasks that would lead to the sole benefit to the third party and lead to harmful consequences for the host organization (Peltier 2016). It basically locks the important files and demands some amount of compensation for unlocking the files. The usage of the Bring Your Own Device technology by the small and medium sized industries incorporate threats to the data secured within the organization as there may be the cases that they might be using such devices that would include malicious applications (Rajeyyagari and Alotaibi 2018). Thus posing risk to the corporate network as the malicious application in the private devices o f the employees posses the potential to bypass the security thus, enabling them to access the network from within the company. Moreover, the poor security maintenance of the websites by the small and medium sized enterprises opens up to data theft by the attackers and the cyber criminal. SQL injection is one of the major threats to the organization among the other existing security threats that adversely affects the websites. It not only has its impact on the small and medium sized enterprises but also on the large sized business as well (Kerzhner, Tan and Fosse 2015). This threat allows the attackers to tamper and steal potential data and information from the database by utilizing the back end of the web applications. The hackers incorporate malicious code into the server database which includes the capability to extract potential and secured information thereby, posing security threats to the organizations. We can also say that the lack of cyber security knowledge also impart threat to the small and medium sized business and also increases the chances of the cyber security risks (Topping 2017). This can lead to data breaches as the employees would reveal the secured data due to the lack of cyber security awareness. The data breach can lead to tremendous loss to the company leading to loss of reputation and business profits. The computer security is of utmost importance for the small, medium as well as large business enterprises. The computer security incorporates the proper security maintenance of data such as to prevent the instances of data breaches (Schatz and Bashroush 2016). The impact of data breaches lead to the decrease in revenue of the organization as well as implementing the regulatory penalties. It may also lead to the loss of the confidence of the customers. It may also lead to reputation damage and also leads to serious impact on innovation and loss of prototypes and product design. According to the cyber security report 59% of the organizations become vulnerable to the cyber security threats (Champbell 2018). Moreover, we can also say that due to the lack of awareness of the cyber security and information security there has been a tremendous increase in the data breaching activities. The small and medium sized organizations that are under security threats are also vulnerable to the reputa tional damage. According to the researchers, about 49% of the organizations are victim to the loss of reputation due to leakage of data ( Skroupa 2018). It leads to the loss of customers and decrease in the business as they lose the confidence of the customers. The impact of loss of security extends to the financial losses as well. The financial losses incurred by the small and medium sized organizations may extend to an average amount of $38000 such that they could recover from a single data breach (Skroupa 2018). Thus, we can see that the data breaches have huge impact on the small and medium sized organizations. Moreover, there are monetary penalties incorporated with the cases of data breaches. These penalties are incorporated on those organizations who fail to prevent data breaches. The penalty imposed on the organizations also leads to the financial losses of the organization. Thus, with the above discussion it can be inferred that there is a huge need for International Information Security Standard for Small Medium Enterprises as the after effects of Information Security breaches are far more adverse and pose a negative impact on the small as well as medium sized organizations. We also mentioned the devastating effects of the data breaches on the organizations. It may cause huge financial loss and loss of reputation. Moreover, the penalty issues also demand great concerns and demand for International Information Security Standard. The data breaches impart various threats and vulnerabilities to the small medium sized organizations such as denial of service attacks, phishing attacks including spear phishing. These attacks lead to data breaches and loss of customers. Moreover, the usage of the risk mitigation techniques provides protection against data breaches but still there is a huge need for the introduction of International Information Security Standard References Ab Rahman, N.H. and Choo, K.K.R., 2015. A survey of information security incident handling in the cloud.Computers Security,49, pp.45-69. Champbell, N. (2018).Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/edelmantechnology/2017/10/11/cyber-security-is-a-business-risk-not-just-an-it-problem/#3108aaf57832 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Janakiraman, R., Lim, J.H. and Rishika, R., 2018. The Effect of Data Breach Announcement on Customer Behavior: Evidence from a Multichannel Retailer.Journal of Marketing. Kerzhner, A.A., Tan, K. and Fosse, E., 2015. Analyzing cyber security threats on cyber-physical systems using Model-Based Systems Engineering. InAIAA SPACE 2015 Conference and Exposition(p. 4575). Martnez-Prez, B., De La Torre-Dez, I. and Lpez-Coronado, M., 2015. Privacy and security in mobile health apps: a review and recommendations.Journal of medical systems,39(1), p.181. Skroupa, C. (2018).Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherskroupa/2017/07/11/cyber-security-effects-company-financial-performance/#18e8b5185c09 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Peltier, T.R., 2016.Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Rajeyyagari, S. and Alotaibi, A.S., 2018. A study on cyber-crimes, threats, security and its emerging trends on latest technologies: influence on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Engineering Technology,7(2.3), pp.54-58. Romanosky, S., 2016. Examining the costs and causes of cyber incidents.Journal of Cybersecurity,2(2), pp.121-135. Schatz, D. and Bashroush, R., 2016. The impact of repeated data breach events on organisations market value.Information Computer Security,24(1), pp.73-92. Simpson, M.D., 2016. All Your Data Are Belong to Us: Consumer Data Breach Rights and Remedies in an Electronic Exchange Economy.U. Colo. L. Rev.,87, p.669. Topping, C., 2017. The role of awareness in adoption of government cyber security initiatives: A study of SMEs in the UK.